The Vortis is a unique antenna accessory that utilizes the science of interferometric cancellation to create an effective directional RF signal that improves your cellular phone’s performance while reducing the RF emissions directed at your head and hearing aid.

Most standard antennas radiate their energy in a 360-degree circle (isotropic). More than half of this energy is lost due to absorption by the head and hand. Vortis Technology' unique design actually cancels the energy side to side (where the head and hand are located) and enhances the radiated energy farther in the forward and rearward directions. After the energy leaves the antenna, it then spreads out (null fill) to provide greater coverage with out being absorbed.

In creating a directional antenna, Vortis Technology actually improves the overall performance of your cellular phone in seven ways:

1. Reduces hearing aid interference by reducing lateral RF emissions.
2. Reduces signal absorption loss by as much as 100% by creating deep lateral nulls.
3. Improves battery usage time by as much as 200% increasing usable energy.
4. Clarifies voice & data up-links by reducing multipath time/phase interference.
5. Increases far field gain by enhancing signal strength forward and rear of user.
6. Reduces dropped calls by increasing area coverage.
7. Reduces the FCC’s SAR requirements by greater than 100 times.

Vortis Technology creates near field nulls (as much as -30dBi) in lateral areas (side of user) proximate to the array and enhancesRF emissions (as much as 2 to 5dBi) in areas longitudinal to the array (front and rear of user). Vortis Technology controls electromagnetic wave propagation using two driven arrays that balance phase & power to create an interferometric cancellation.

Vortis Technology is in a class of antennas called Di-Poles. These are antennas with two elements reacting to each other in order due to their size and spacing to convert radio frequency (RF) current into electromagnetic radiation. Vortis Technology antenna in its simplest embodiment is two conducting elements that create the desired pattern. The uniqueness is the power split and phase shifting. This is not easy with two elements that want to resonate at the same phase. However, the design is very stable, good throughout the spectrum and has a broad bandwidth. When RF current is sent through a feed into one element, a magnetic field is generated. Because the other element is positioned the reactivity between the two elements is controlled.

Competing products such as shields, reflectors or parasitic antennas are ineffective when it comes to controlling the dynamics of near field energy patterns. Near field pattern control is more unique than far field pattern control because it tends to couple with anything that is near the elements. There are three approaches to antenna technology. The current approaches of omni-directional antennas are very ineffective and will eventually go away because they propagate their RF fields in all directions. Other directional antennas do not use the concept of dual driven phased array interferometry so they can not propagate the RF signals in a symmetrical approach. Instead, they radiate RF signals away from the user as a single lobe instead of using two symmetrical forward and rear lobes. Vortis Technology is designed to provide a controlled, localized field strength reduction for the purpose of minimizing radiated field interactions with hearing aids and the user’s head and hand during normal use of a handset. In contrast to other widely utilized methods, Vortis Technology does not rely on delicate parasitic coupling of radiating elements for the control of RF energy (directors, reflectors, shields, etc.). Vortis Technology achieves its benefits by exploitation of active, destructive interference capable of nulls as much as 20 to 40 dBi (1/100 to 1/10,000 reduction in intensity). Loading and surrounding environment does cause variation but internal testing has shown these effects are insignificant to negatively affect the stated goals. In its current embodiment, two elements may be incorporated on the circuit board, embedded in the handset casing or attached to a handset. These two elements emit two opposite polarity fields so that they annihilate each other in defined regions. Elsewhere, these fields contribute constructively to increase antenna performance.

Vortis Technology is working to bring this new and creative solution to the wireless compatibility and performance issues in support of consumer and industry goals.

You have seen and experienced natural (uncontrolled) interferometry in virtually all areas of life. You see the results as rainbows in a soap bubble, or feel the harmonics of a violin or piano as the sound reverberates softly. You have witnessed accidental radio interferometry when your voice becomes garbled or broken during your cellular conversation. You have seen microwave ovens warm some areas of food while other areas remain cold. Newer uses of interferometry have been found in your GPS position finder, or the noise and sound cancellers to create a peace and quite surrounding. The military even uses interferometry to jam enemy radio signals or to keep radio signals from being jammed by the enemy. Interferometry has been used to map planets, detect gravity waves, measure long distances down to a micro inch and now, it’s being used by your common carriers to provide improved coverage for your wireless products. In fact, the very process of your ability to hear a sources direction and see in 3D is the result of interferometry conducted within the neural systems of your brain.

The terms ``interferometry'' and ``interferometer'' are both derived from the word interference. Interference is a phenomenon that occurs with waves of any kind - sound waves, light waves, ocean waves, seismic waves etc. - it makes no difference. Whenever two waves come together at the same time and place, interference occurs (cancellation or enhancement depending on their phase). Resonance, beat frequencies, hetrodyning, dissonance, are also all interference phenomena. Interferometric technology is a proven technology used in musical instruments, optical precision measuring devices, astrophysics, 3D planet mapping, industrial materials stress measurement, radio locators, radio jamming (nullifying) and far field directors. Vortis Technology is the first time interferometry has been used to control the RF patterns of consumer wireless devices. By canceling out energy proximate to the head, body or sensitive electrical circuits, Vortis Technology offers a complete solution to Hearing Aid Compatibility, SAR or EMI requirements.

Interference can be visualized as the adding together of two waves. Depending on wave size (amplitude) and the degree to which they are in or out of step with each other (phase), they will either add together or cancel each other out. By utilizing radio interferometry, a null of energy may be obtained at an intersection of joining signals. What is experienced is alternating bands of frequency called fringes. Fringes are highest where the beams are constructively adding together and lowest where they are canceling each other out.

Interferometry made its debut in a well-known scientific experiment designed by Albert Michelson (1853-1931). The Michelson interferometer was used for the Michelson-Morely Experiment which was designed to support the Theory of Relativity by Einstein. Michelson also performed experiments at Mount Wilson measuring the speed of light. Basically, in the Michelson interferometer (as well as in today’s modern day interferometers), a single source of light (laser) is pointed at a deliberately thin reflective coated mirror to permit half of the light to pass through and create two separate paths of a single frequency light wave. If the distance traveled by both light beams is the same, both beams when recombined, will produce a simple pattern. If the distance of one beam is increased minutely, fringes can form along the optical axis of the combined beams, oriented perpendicular to this axis and will appear to stand out causing a standing wave phenomenon. To the eye, the fringes appear as alternating rings of light and dark. The dark areas are where the cancellation occurs and the light is where the signals enhance each other. This concept is used today in the world’s newest Gravity Wave Detector. Two beams are split and travel down perpendicular paths one mile down and back. They are combined and watched. If a gravity wave (let’s say from a super nova event) passes by, the earth will be compressed slightly in one of the paths. Comparing the two waves and seeing a movement will show this minor compression.

The advantage that interferometry has as a directional antenna is two fold: One, when the waves are in synchronization they enhance each other and thus extend the range and performance in desired areas and two, where the waves are out of synchronization, they cancel the energy out which results in very deep energy drops (nulls) at the near fields.

Microwave Interferometry has not been easy to achieve due to common mode. Common mode is the phenomenon that occurs when two elements near each other want to resonate at similar frequencies. If you pluck a piano string the string next to it wants to resonate at the same frequency. This is common mode. Like violin strings reverberating sympathetically when proximate to each other. Vortis Technology has achieved a self balancing phase and power split in order to cancel out lateral waves and enhance longitudinal waves. Just as if two violin strings where to vibrate out of phase, the sound in some areas would be reduced to near zero depending on where your ear was located relative to the strings. This is the basis of harmonics in music. The reverberations of harmonics is in fact, the sound moving in and out of amplitude and phase—a natural soothing sound to our minds.

The term “micro” is used because Vortis Technology needs to be distinguished between a large array and a small near field array were the elements are placed so close to each other that they actually couple with each other. Array technology has been around a long time and is very effective means for achieving stronger signals and directionality. Micro arrays have not been around until Vortis Technology has arrived. Technically, Vortis Technology (as a micro-array) is a small set of antenna elements interconnected with autonomous elements designed for very small applications such as cellular phones or other portable wireless devices.

Vortis Technology was designed to offer a controlled, localized field strength reduction for the purpose of minimizing radiated field interactions with hearing aids and the user’s head and hand during normal use of a handset. In contrast to other widely utilized methods, Vortis Technology does not rely on delicate parasitic coupling of radiating elements for the control of RF energy (directors, reflectors, shields, etc.). Vortis Technology achieves its benefits by exploitation of active, interference capable of nulls as much as 20 to 40 dBi (1/100 to 1/10,000 reduction in intensity). Loading and surrounding environment does cause variation but internal testing has shown these effects are insignificant to negatively affect the stated goals. In its current embodiment, two elements may be incorporated on the circuit board, embedded in the handset casing or attached to a handset. These two elements emit two opposite polarity fields so that they null each other in defined regions. Elsewhere, these fields contribute constructively to increase antenna performance.
All that is needed is one antenna that incorporates two elements and a small circuit from traces only or traces and components on a PCB. Not much different than the cost of existing antennas.

By understanding radio interferometry, a null of energy may be obtained at an intersection of joining signals. This null is desired in the areas where the wireless device interfaces with humans.

Competitive technologies do not provide the same results as the exacting interferometric array because they tend to bend (as is the case with the Yagi), block (as is the case with shields) or reflect (as is the case with screens) the radio signals to prevent exposure. The interferometric array tends to use its own energy naturally to balance out the energy pattern.

Reduce hearing aid interference! The RF interference sound heard in hearing aids can be demonstrated by putting a cellular telephone next to an AM or FM radio antenna while listening to the radio in low volume. This RFI is caused from digital pulsing of the Radio Frequency (RF) signals that are emitted from the cellular telephone’s antenna. A sort of high speed Morse code. This RF interference (RFI) can be substantially reduced or eliminated if the radiated signal from the antenna can be nullified, as is the case with Vortis Technology Interferometric Array Antenna.

Reduce signal absorption loss. With current use of cellular telephones next to a users head, because of near field coupling between the head and cellular phone’s antenna, as much as 68% of the energy is absorbed by the head and thus unusable (IEEE 1995 Proceedings). This can be demonstrated by measuring the RF signal on the opposite side of the head that the cellular phone is used. This has been measured as much as –30dB down (1000 times less). Much of this RF absorption by the head and hand is eliminated with Vortis Technology Interferometric Array Antenna because the radiated signal from the antenna is nullified at the lateral directions (front and rear) of cellular phone.

Improve battery usage time by reducing signal absorption to the head; more power can be directed to the far fields (front and rear of user) and thus the cellular receiving site. Statistically, the receiving sites are at an in-line orientation to the average user or the signal arrives as a result of multipathing (echoed off of structures and nature). The radiation pattern of Vortis Technology provides a stronger signal to the front and rear of the user’s head. When cellular phones operate, there is a talkback mechanism between the cellular site and handset that causes the cellular phone to reduce it’s power output when signal strength is good and increase power output when signal strength is poor. Because Vortis Technology can radiate more energy toward the far fields, less power required on average to maintain connection and therefore less power is required thus improving battery talk time.

Clarify voice & data up-links by providing a narrower, stronger beam; multipathing (echoing) is expected and is actually a valuable phenomenon in wireless communication. Vortis Technology reduces energy in the lateral areas of the antenna (sides where user can be found) and it enhances energy gain in the longitudinal areas of the antenna (forward and rear for cellular site connections) as a consequence. This “figure 8” radiating pattern balances out to an effective radiating power (ERP) conducive to maintain adequate carrier service. In an omni directional antenna too much multipathing causes a wide array of echo signals converging at the receiving antenna at the same time. Because some signal paths arrive from longer distances, they are out of phase and can actually cause interference with each other in the form of garbled voice communication or broken data signal. A reduced and optimized beam width can enhance communication without adverse effects on coverage and actually provide for a clearer signal. Multipath can be realized in TV transmissions as “ghosts.” Directional antennas are used to minimize ghost.

Increase far field coverage by less absorption and exploiting multipath. In an omni directional antenna, the signal pattern when used next to the head is cardioid (looking from top down, it looks like a heart with the head absorbing the amount of signal that creates a “dip” in the pattern. Because as much as 68% of the signal is lost through absorption, the overall effective azimuthal coverage could be less than 300 degrees. Vortis Technology Interferometric Array Antenna can actually increase the amount of azimuthal coverage because much of the signal is directed forward and reward, then, because waves (water waves included) traverse sideways once they leave the immediate near fields, the coverage spreads outward more symmetrically and fills in the voids (nulls) created from the figure 8 pattern. This null fill has been measured to an effective coverage of 320 degrees.

Reduce dropped calls by enhanced gain in fringe environments. The increase in coverage within the RF beam width is called the antenna gain, and is measured in dB (decibels). Antenna gain improves the range of the signal for better communications. An antenna that offers improved performance (improved gain) while reducing energy in unwanted areas has an advantage in today’s markets because it can direct the energy toward the cellular sites and improve performance. Improving performance in a cellular phone can be done in one or more of 3 ways: 1) Change physical location to shorten the distance, 2) increase signal power and/or 3) use of a high gain directional antenna. Increasing power to the antenna is not within our control. Typically, a cellular phone’s output power is between ½ to 2 watts. This is controlled by the talk back mechanism mentioned earlier. Changing physical location by moving closer to the tower, and clearing obstructions has its natural limitations since we can’t often move according to the cellular site. Range on a cellular phone is typically around 5 miles and normally 2 miles from the cell towers. With buildings in the way, or when one is in a building, the range decreases as less and less of the signal gets out of the building. Considering the above, there is no easy cure for cell phone dropped calls. However, by using a higher gain antenna, dropped calls can be minimized. In addition, Vortis Technology offers greater efficiency as an external antenna with improved characteristics over existing antennas (efficiency in this instance is the ratio of power to the antenna verses effective radiated power). The Vortis antenna shows increases in gain by as much as 5 dBi of gain. This is an advantage that will help in fringe areas. Typically, range increases 2.5% for every 1 dBi of gain within obstructions and 5% in unobstructed outdoor sites. Therefore, 5 dBi of gain can effectively provide a 25% increase in coverage with cooperation from the user (moving ones head to exert control over signal strength). Actual results can vary depending on the amount and type of obstructions at the site. As mentioned earlier, the increased coverage and improved symmetry of the propagating signal also serves to improve coverage and reduce dropped calls.

Lower Specific Absorption Rates (SAR) between 100 and 1000 times. For an understanding of SAR, please review SAR information. SAR can be measured mathematically simply by calculating the field strengths at certain areas. If Vortis Technology Interferometric Array Antenna reduces the signal strength by as much as –20 to –30 dBi, this represents a one for one field strength reduction of 100 times less to 1000 times less.

1) Physical Removal of the cellular phone from the area of the head or body such as through a hands free device. Although the preferred safe method for driving or relaxing, this is not often possible or desired. Most users walk around their handsets next to their ear.

2) Use shields or reflectors next to the antenna. Shields and reflectors have two problems: 1) they are limited in the ability to shield near field RF energy for multi-bands and 2) they actually cause the performance of the handset to drop. Motorola and Good Housekeeping, tested many of the shields or reflectors currently on the market and stated that they have little capacity for doing much good.

3) Yagi antennas (named after their inventor) shape energy around the antenna by using parasitic elements (specially shaped metal or materials) that reflect or bend the RF energy to desired states. The primary difference between Yagi’s and Vortis are the balanced feed. Yagi’s use a single feed element with parasitic elements surrounding it. Vortis Technology splits the single feed into two balanced signals of opposite phase to create a natural balanced null and enhancement. Yagi’s are always skewed.

Another problem with Yagi antennas is similar to reflectors; their strongest signal is away from a user’s head (outwardly sideways instead of forward and rear of the direction of the user) so they have less coverage. In addition, Yagi antennas are not as effective in near field environments (such as next to your head).

NOTE: The use of so-called “Revolutionary-New-Most-Powerful-Antennas-in-the-World” is nothing more that a new design of this old Yagi technology. Nothing is new except the shape and size. When you review the patent rights for new technologies, you’ll see that in 5 to 10 years, most all antennas will be Vortis type Interferometric technology. Vortis Technology is available now!

When you place your hearing aid next to a cellular phone you hear the RF EMI. When you turn your T-Coil on and place your cellular phone next to it, you hear the EMI leakage from the backlit display. You may hear EMI from your AM radio when you drive under power lines along the road. You may have heard EMI when turning on the blender while watching TV or listening to the radio. When you hear another station or voice on your call you are hearing EMI. Anytime you have an audible noise from an adjacent electronic device you are hearing the results of electromagnetic fields propagating and being demodulated by the device that is experiencing the interference.

EMI is a combination of terms that broadly refers to any type of interference that can potentially disrupt, degrade or otherwise interfere with authorized electronic emissions over approved portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Some are probably more familiar with the term "radio-frequency interference (RFI)," which is actually a specific type of EMI. Whereas RFI needs to propagate outwardly to do it’s job, internal energy caused from normal current flow through circuits need to be contained so as not to interfere with other electronic devices.

EMI stands for Electromagnetic Interference. When an electrical current passes through a wire, an electromagnetic field is generated. You may remember the childhood science experiment of wrapping a wire around a nail and connecting the two ends to the positive and negative contacts of the battery. This caused the nail to become magnetized. If this is turned on and off at the radio frequencies (millions or billions of times per second), then a changing magnetic field is generated. This field, if not shielded properly, will radiate over space and be picked up by another circuit inadvertently. This will cause unwanted noise in the receiving circuit and interference. This is electromagnetic interference.

Any device or system that generates an electromagnetic field in the radio frequency spectrum has the potential to disrupt the operation of electronic components, devices, and systems in its vicinity. Using internal EMI shielding or grounding techniques controls this phenomenon.

Developing proper design rules under Electromagnetic Compliance (EMC) Requirements mitigates [this first sentences replaces first sentence of last paragraph under this section.] EMI. A number of organizations are involved in EMC product standards. They include the IEEE, IEC, ANSI (American National Standards Institute), APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation), BSI (British Standards Institute), CENELEC (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization), ECMA (European Computer Manufacturers' Association) and ISO (International Organization for Standardization).

The primary governing body for control of proper EMI and EMF is the Federal Communication Commission (FCC). Interference protection has always been a core responsibility of the Commission. Under section 303(f) of the Communications Act of 1934 as amended directs the Commission to make regulations it deems necessary to prevent interference between stations, as the public interest shall require. The Commission’s strategic plan for the years 2003-2008 includes as a spectrum-related objective the “vigorous protection against harmful interference...” The Commission is reviewing new ways to ensure overall compatibility is effective. An Interference Protection Working Group comprised of industry experts monitors and makes recommendations on behalf of consumers and business. The governing regulations for EMI is found in 47CFR Part #15 and EMF is 47CFR Part #24. Vortis Technology. has petitioned the FCC for a modification of Part #24 to allow for more directionality in antennas.

SAR stands for Specific Absorption Rate. SAR is an internationally adopted and recommended practice for determining the Spatial-Peak Specific Absorption Rate in the Human Body due to use of personal Wireless Communications Devices. International studies of the field of bioelectromagnetics have established dosimetric measurements of electromagnetic radiation to set these non-ionizing RF/microwave safety standards. The standards governing SAR can be found in the ANSI/IEEE RF/Microwave safety guidelines (ANSI C95.1-1992) as well as the IRPA of World Health Organization and by Standards Committees in Germany, Australia, Canada, U.K. and Japan. Body resonance and effects have complex results that are not fully understood or measurable. When microwave energy coming from a wireless device's antenna is near the body, it acts like a very small microwave oven that causes the surrounding tissue to heat up. Just as the sun heats up your skin, the wireless device heats up your head or body. The body has a natural means of dissipating the heat but too much heat sent into an area may not dissipate fast enough. This defines the threshold point and the maximum allowable Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) that is considered safe. It is measured as a hypothetical number given a proper placement of a wireless device to a model that is filled with a prescribed gel solution of glucouse, saline and other material to mimic the body structure. The measurement is 1.6 watts per kilogram of body tissue. The FCC has agreed to set the standard at 1.6 W/kg. Due to the use of barriers such as ferrites or spray-on coatings, these phones are as low as .7 and as high as 1.5. If equipment manufacturers test higher than 1.6, they cannot be sold in the U.S. The Vortis, when given a free space review, can show special nulls of - 15 -20dBi down according to one certifying review body, the Florida Atlantic University Electromagnetic Interference Dept. Other certifying testing has shown as much as -30dBi down. -30dBi down is equivalent to 1000 times less. Considering allowable SAR of 1.6W/kg this would bring Vortis Technology' SAR down to .0016 W/kg in free space. To our knowledge, the best free space antenna created today reflects an SAR of around .6W/kg. Naturally, results will vary in normal use due to the “detuning activities” (enclosures and user habits) surrounding the antenna. Given all factors as equal, Vortis Technology stands alone as being the best solution to date.

The Hearing Aid Compatibility Act of 1988 (HAC Act) requires the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to ensure that all "essential" telephones are hearing aid compatible. "Essential" phones are defined as "coin-operated telephones, telephones provided for emergency use, and other telephones frequently needed for use by persons using such hearing aids." These might include workplace telephones, telephones in confined settings (like hospitals and nursing homes), and telephones in hotel and motel rooms. A telephone that is hearing aid compatible has an internal feature which allows the use of telephone-compatible hearing aids. To make a phone hearing aid compatible, a telecoil is inserted in the phone. The telecoil detects, or is compatible with, a similar telecoil in the hearing aid. This allows the hearing aid to "couple" with the telephone through an electromagnetic field. Wireless devices have been given a waiver for this compatibility because no solutions were readily achievable. That is, until Vortis Technology was invented. On 11/14/01 The FCC Commission was “Seeking Comments on Whether Public Mobile Service Telephones should be “Required to be Hearing Aid Compatible” in a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM). The Commission is reexamining their exemption pursuant to direction of the Hearing Aid Compatibility Act of 1988, of public mobile service phones from the hearing aid compatibility requirements of that Act.
Comments were due: January 11, 2002 with reply comments due: February 11, 2002. You can view Vortis Technology’s comments at the FCC Web site.

For more information about HAC and volume control, visit the FCC’s Consumer & Governmental Affairs Bureau Web site at www.fcc.gov/cgb. Requests for written materials or alternate formats can be sent by mail to: The Federal Communications Commission, Consumer and Governmental Affairs Bureau, 445 12th Street, SW, Washington, DC 20554, or emailed to fccinfo@fcc.gov. Additionally, you can call the Commission’s toll-free consumer information hotline, 1-888-225-5322 (voice), 1-888-835-5322 (TTY), to place your request by phone.

Under Americans with Disability Act (ADA), the term "readily achievable" has a legal meaning directed at industry to measure whether or not a technology should be mandated by law in support of the goals of the ADA. The meaning given to it in section 301(9) of the Americans with Disability Act can be found in the records of the FCC. It is a legal term with defined parameters and was "borrowed" from the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) which also uses the term in several of its Titles (e.g., Title III). In fact the statutory language for Section 255 of the Telecommunications Act (which is the section in the Telecommunications Act which uses this term) references: (2) READILY ACHIEVABLE- The term `readily achievable' has the meaning given to it by section 301(9) of that Act (42 U.S.C. 12181(9)).

The key elements involved in any analysis of whether a telecommunications technology has met the requirements under Section 255 are: (A) the nature and cost of the action needed; (B) the overall financial resources of the entity involved; (C) the overall financial resources of the covered entity; (D) the type of operation or operations of the covered entity.

When Vortis Technologies. says Vortis Technology is readily achievable, we stating that given the conditions of this definition, mfg. can support the requirements the HAC Act.

The FCC's Report & Order (or rules and regulations for implementation of Section 255 of the Telecommunications Act), that is, the Section 255 Report and Order (R&O), released September 29, 1999, addressed this term in a lengthy discussion in paragraphs 43 to 74 You may find more information on this at the FCC’s web site for Section 255 R&O. http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/dro/section255.html. The document describing further is at http://www.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Common_Carrier/Orders/1999/fcc99181.txt

The term Digital refers to the means by which two electronic devices communicate to each other (transmitter/receiver in computers, radios, CD Players, etc). Digital is the use of computer codes comprising of just two signals. The first one is on signals (a 1 signal) and the second is an off signal (a 0 signal). This means of communication is one of the most efficient means of transferring data. This series of ons and offs, when written look something like this: 011000101110111. Digital is a sort of high speed Morse Code. Because the signal is either full on or full off, the pulsing nature of power causes burst of energy. It happens so fast, that we generally do not notice it. It is these energy bursts that cause disruption in the hearing aid because the burst of energy is modulated into a burst of sound.

The term analog refers to a communication means that uses amplification as the means of communication (amplitude modulation). Instead of on and off, the signal varies up or varies down. Because there is a continuous stream of energy, circuits in hearing aids are capable of filtering this out in time so the interference is not heard.

There are two primary category of cellular systems in use: Analog (CDMA) and Digital (TDMA and GSM). When given a choice, the CDMA is preferred.

It is the near fields that are the strongest attribute of the Vortis.

The American National Standards Institution (ANSI) standard #C63.19 that addresses hearing aid and wireless device interference defines near-fields as those conditions that correspond to the more intense fields that a hearing-aid wearer is susceptible to when using a cellular phone or other wireless device. This definition is very adequate as it describes conditions of intense fields that are reactive and affected by surrounding conditions. Creating stable near fields is not easy.

For antenna design and engineering, near fields describe a reactive region around the antenna. For antenna designs and characteristics, the energy and propagation characteristics are broken up onto three distinct fields depending on their distance from the elements. These three fields are: 1) reactive-field, 2) near-field and 3) far-field. Each field is defined by a formula considering wavelength. Near-field regions are far more intense that far fields and are defined mathematically according the wave length and element size. The formula is: (2L2/?) where L is the length of the largest dimension of the antenna and ? is the frequency. Wave length is determined by the formula ?/C where C is the speed of light. Essentially, wavelength is the distance traveled at the speed of light with the signal completes a full cycle. PCS frequencies have a wave length of around 12.5 cm. Our largest dimension for, let’s say 3” with a wavelength of (2400Mhz/C speed of light) is 12.5 cm. Therefore, the near field is around 79.38 mm or 3.125 inches

The near-field region is the area that predominates over the reactive field but still lacks substantial plane-wave characteristics for free space propagation and its behavior is dominated by the reactive-field. It is complicated in structure because the antenna characteristics and power densities are different at this level. Mutual coupling is prevalent with any structures found within the near fields. Unless a design specifically addresses this field (as is the case with Vortis Technology), then there is no defined control. Most antenna designers focus on creating antennas that propagate their energy as far away as possible while reducing their size and thus focus on the far fields. In addition, the goal is generally to control directionality to either reduce energy in desired areas or enhance energy in other areas to improve effectiveness.

Near field energy is generally not of concern as long as circuits near to the antenna can be shielded. Currently, antenna designers who work on satellite and other space antennas focus on near fields because this is the only way to theoretically determine wave propagation in space when designing under the gravitational effects of the Earth. If near fields can be controlled, far fields can be predicted. Energy behaves differently in near fields than in far fields so the understanding of near field dynamics is somewhat unique.

When energy propagates outward, it does so in specific patterns and energy levels. For antenna designs and characteristics, the energy and propagation characteristics are broken up onto three distinct fields depending on their distance from the elements. These three fields are: 1) reactive-field, 2) near-field and 3) far-field.

It should also be noted for our purposes that the American National Standards Institution (ANSI) standard # C63.19 that addresses hearing aid and wireless devices’ interference defines near-fields as those conditions that correspond to the more intense fields that a hearing-aid wearer is susceptible to when using a cellular phone or other wireless device.

The far-field region is defined by that region of the field of an antenna where the angular field distribution is essentially independent of the distance from the antenna. In this region (also called the free space region), the field has a predominately plane-wave character, i.e., locally uniform distributions of electric field strength and magnetic field strength in planes transverse to the direction of propagation.

It is nearly impossible by today’s measurement capability to define the precise borders of these fields but they have been defined as 1/R2 for reactive-field, 2/R2 for near-field and 3/R2 for far-field.

The reactive-field region is defined as the region closest to the radiating elements in which the electric and magnetic fields do not have a substantially plane-wave characteristic and contains most or nearly all of the stored energy. The reactive-field is sometimes referred to as the inductive field meaning that the magnetic fields dominate over the electric fields. This area stores the energy that antenna designers need to propagate towards the far fields. This field is considered to be around ½ a wave length from the center of the antenna. In the case of our frequencies (2.4GHz), the wavelength is (2400Mhz/C) = 12.5 cm and one half is 6.25 cm.

The near-field region is the area that predominates over the reactive field but still lacks substantial plane-wave characteristics for free space propagation and its behavior is dominated by the reactive-field. It is complicated in structure because the antenna characteristics and power densities are different at this level.

Mutual coupling is prevalent with any structure found within this field. Unless a design specifically addresses this field (as is the case with Vortis Technology), then there is no defined control as is the case with most other antennas that are more concerned with far-field wave patterns and energies than near field controls.

Near-field regions are defined mathematically according the wave length and element size (2L2/?) whereas L is the length of the largest dimension of the antenna (we’ve measured diagonally from upper left to lower right). Lambda ? is the wave length. Our largest dimension is 68 mm (diagonally) and the wavelength is 12.5 cm. Therefore, the near field is 79.38 mm or 3.125 inches.

Vortis Technology may operate on any phone after it has been designed to fit to that phone.
Currently, Vortis Technology. has released Vortis antennas to fit Nokia model handsets.

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